Definition and Examples of Codification in English

Definition and Examples of Codification in English The linguistic term codification refers to the methods by which a language is standardized. These methods include the creation and use of dictionaries, style and usage guides, traditional grammar textbooks, and the like. [S]tandardization aims to ensure fixed values for the counters in a system, wrote James and Lesley Milroy in Authority in Language: Investigating Standard English. In language, this means preventing variability in   spelling  and  pronunciation  by selecting fixed conventions uniquely regarded as correct, establishing correct meanings of words...uniquely acceptable word forms (he does  is acceptable, but  he  do  is not) and fixed conventions of  sentence structure. The term  codification  was popularized in the early 1970s by  linguist  Einar Haugen, who defined it as a process that leads to minimal variation in  form (Dialect, Language, Nation, 1972). The Evolution of English Codification is an ongoing process. The English language evolved over centuries from Old English to Middle English after the Norman Conquest in 1066 to Modern English in about the mid-15th century. For example, different word forms were dropped, such as having nouns with different genders or additional verb forms. The proper order for words in a sentence coalesced (subject-verb-object) and variations (such as verb-subject-object) pretty much disappeared. New words were added, such as 10,000 of them being incorporated from French after the conquest. Some of the duplicate words changed meanings, and some were lost altogether. These are all examples of how the language has codified. Spellings and meanings continue to change and be added to the dictionary today, of course, but the most important period of codification [in English] was probably the 18th century, which saw the publication of hundreds of dictionaries and grammars, including Samuel Johnsons monumental Dictionary of the English Language (1755) [in Great Britain] and Noah Websters The American Spelling Book (1783) in the United States (Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies, 2007). During the languages evolution, Dennis Ager wrote, in the   Language Policy in Britain and France: The Processes of Policy, three influences were...paramount: the kings English, in the form of the administrative and legal language; literary English, in the form of the language accepted as that used by great literature- and for printing and publishing; and Oxford English, or the English of education and the Church- its main provider. At no point in this process was the State openly involved.He continued, Codification also affected the spoken form of the standard language. Received pronunciation was codified through the influence of education, particularly that of the 19th-century public schools, followed from the early 20th century by cinema, radio  and  television (BBC English).  Nonetheless  it is estimated that only 3-5  per cent  of the population of Britain  speak  received pronunciation today...and hence this particular form of the language is accepted by society only in the sense that it is widely understood. Even though English is a flexible language, continually borrowing words from other languages (an estimated 350 different languages, in fact), adding words, definitions, and spellings to the dictionary, the basic grammar and pronunciation ​have remained relatively stable and codified.

The Characteristics of Diptera

The Characteristics of Diptera Insects of the order Diptera, the true flies, are a large and diverse group that includes midges, no-see-ums, gnats, mosquitoes, and all manner of flies. Diptera literally means two wings, the unifying characteristic of this group. Description As the name, Diptera indicates, most true flies have just one pair of functional wings. A pair of modified wings called halteres replace the hindwings. The halteres connect to a nerve-filled socket and work much like a gyroscope to keep the fly on the course and stabilize its flight. Most Dipterans use sponging mouthparts to lap juices from fruits, nectar, or fluids exuded from animals. If youve ever encountered a horse or deer fly, you probably know that other flies have piercing, biting mouthparts to feed on the blood of vertebrate hosts. Flies have large compound eyes. Flies undergo complete metamorphosis. The larvae lack legs and look like small grubs. Fly larvae are called maggots. Most insect taxonomists divide the order Diptera into two suborders: Nematocera, flies with long antennae like mosquitoes, and Brachycera, flies with short antennae like house flies. Habitat and Distribution True flies live in abundance worldwide, though their larvae generally require a moist environment of some kind. Scientists describe over 120,000 species in this order. Major Families in the Order Culicidae - mosquitoesTipulidae – crane fliesSimulidae – black fliesMuscidae – house fliesCecidomyiidae – gall midgesCalliphoridae – blow fliesDrosophilidae – pomace flies Dipterans of Interest Mormotomyia hirsute is only known to live in a large crack at the top of Kenyas Ukazzi Hill. Its larvae feed on bat dung.Humans share over 20 percent of our DNA with Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly commonly used to teach genetics in high school science labs.Flower flies in the family Syrphidae mimic ants, bees, and wasps; despite their convincing costumes, flies cannot sting.Blowfly larvae feeding on dead bodies can help forensic scientists determine the time of the death of the victim. Sources Diptera, Dr. Jon Meyer, North Carolina State University Department of Entomology.  Accessed online May 6, 2008.Gordons Fly Page (Diptera).  Accessed online May 6, 2008.Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity, by Stephen A. MarshallKaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America, by Eric R. Eaton and Kenn Kaufman

Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Reflection Paper - Essay Example Further adding to the present factual, it has been envisaged that by the year 2030, the only source of population development for Canada will be by attracting more international citizens to permanently settle in Canada. The multicultural acceptance of the state along with a legal frame work positively contributing the adaptation of cultural and social diversity within the country has made life more easy and secure in Canada for people from across the globe. The high rate of social security and the quality of life in the state has always encouraged a high rate of immigration. However the immigrants, especially those who have made their entry not much before are facing problems in getting established in the country. The major problem in them getting established is in getting a job which is however related with other factors like language, culture, local experience and domestic contacts. The studies done on the status of immigrants in Canada, has reiterated that in the primary years of their arrival, they face limitations in getting properly established with the country. The Daily, on September 10, 2007, in their report titled Study: Canada’s immigrant labor market’ has revealed that the immigrants, who migrated not before than five years, faced immense problem in finding a job. The study reveals that they had difficulty in adapting with the Canadian job market. Their rate of unemployment counted to a bit more than eleven percent, when the unemployment percentage of the local Canadian people was less than five percent. Further adding to the statistics it has been found that on an average the educational qualifications of the immigrants were comparatively better in relation with the academic achievements of their local counterparts in the process of job hunt. Thirty six percent of the immigrants were proud graduates where the percentage of people with a degree among the local citizens was merely twenty two

The Penn State Sex Scandal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Penn State Sex Scandal - Essay Example Unfortunately, the identity of the boy remains to be unidentified. Cleary, Sandusky should be held accountable because he molested kids, ruined the reputation of the football program and jeopardized the careers of his colleagues. The first and foremost reason why Sandusky should be indicted is due to the fact he molested little kids during his 3 year tenure period. According to McQueary’s testimony, McQueary depicted a scene in which he entered the Lasch Football locker room and thought he heard voices that depicted sexual activity. He walked into a shower room and saw a naked boy Victim 2. McQueary insisted that the naked boy, Victim 2 was backed up against the shower and was subjected to anal intercourse. The next day, McQueary reported this horrific incident to Paterno, who conveyed this message to Paterno. However, Paterno had knowledge of this information but continued to bring this to the public. The investigation continued to grow stronger as the mother of a young child , who was identified in documents as â€Å"Victim 1. â€Å" To make matter worse, a mother of a boy who was a Central Mountain High School in Clinton County was also reported to be molested by Sandusky. The Grand Jury Investigation concluded that Sandusky evidently had an inappropriate relationship with that boy and was reported to have â€Å"illicit touching: with victim 1 since 2005. ...Both Curley and Schultz denied the fact that Sandusky had oral-anal sexual intercourse with the victim. Curley continued to refute the fact that McQueary told him anything of that nature and insisted that Sandusky was just playing around with kids. The second reason why Sandusky should be indicted and be prisoned is due to the fact that he clearly stained the football program at Penn State. Penn State football program was one of the most prominent and respectable programs in the NCAA. For the last 23 years in this football program, he was the team’s defensive coordinator. However, his hig h reputation as a coach saved was completely diminished after the scandal. Although Sandusky was considered to be â€Å"the heart and the soul† for the football team, this accusation was a huge stain in his reputation. Moreover, the whole football team lost its concentration to achieve the ultimate goal after the scandal had a crippling effect throughout the school. The â€Å"icing on the cake† that proves that Sandusky should be indicted is due to the fact that his horrific actions have jeopardized the professions of his colleagues. As a Penn State coach, Paterno had earned a very solid reputation as a football coach. However, after these accusations were indicted against Sandusky, Paterno and McQueary became victims. Paterno was fired shortly as Sandusky awaited trial. It was evident that the 85 years Paterno’s legacy was brutally plagued with this scandal. Paterno was notorious for assisting students with academics as he also donated to build a library at Pen n State.

Seasonal Affective Disorder and its Effects :: Seasonal Affective Disorder Health Essays

Seasonal Affective Disorder and its Effects Why is it that in dark, cloudy weather I take on a gloomy personality? Why do suicide rates drastically increase during the winter months? Why is the overall student body at USC much happier than the average Mawrtyr? Why do I constantly find myself fatigued and lethargic when the weather outside is lousy? For one reason or another, I allow the whims of Mother Nature to determine how I think and feel. If I wake up and the sun is brightly shining through my window creating a beautiful mixture of dark and light shadows, I suddenly feel happy and look forward to the day ahead. On the other hand, if I wake up and look out onto another cloudy and cold day in February at Bryn Mawr, I have the aching desire to crawl back into bed and sleep the day away. I am not alone in that my mood and disposition are determined daily during those first few moments in which I am awake. In fact, this phenomenon is shared by many. The general feeling of winter depression coupled with normal mood in the summer has been around for centuries, but it was not until the 1980s that it was characterized as a type of clinical depression (1). Psychologists have long been studying the effects of what they now refer to as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), the biological condition associated with changes in weather patterns. Can Seasonal Affective Disorder be considered a true medical condition? Everyone reacts to the changing seasons with corresponding changes in mood and behavior, but some experience more severe symptoms which alter their whole way of life. The symptoms of Seasonal Affective Disorder tend to first appear in late September when the days get shorter and the temperatures drop, and last until April or May. Seasonal Affective Disorder is characterized by recurring periods of depression lasting for at least two successive years of seasonal change (2). Other symptoms include a voracious appetite involving a high carbohydrate craving and accompanied by a 10-20 pound weight gain, sleep problems, memory loss, suicidal thoughts, problems concentrating, and an overall lack of interest in or enjoyment of activities. Unlike other forms of clinical depression, Seasonal Affective Disorder involves the cyclical pattern of depression that comes as the amount of daylight hours decrease and disappears as the days get longer (1). SAD patients often have hypersomnia during the winter and become manic or hyperactive in the spring.

Statistics in Business

Statistics is a way of gathering, analyzing, interpreting and presenting data so that it becomes more meaningful. It helps convert raw data into useful information. Statistics is therefore a collection of information. Statistics can be presented in graphical form to make it more appealing and easily understandable by the users. Statistics can be descriptive or inferential. Descriptive statistics have to do with methods in a data set that utilizes numerical and graphical to look for patterns to summarize the information revealed in a data set, and to present the information in a convenient form. The four elements of descriptive statistical problems are the population or sample of interest, one or more variables (characteristics of the populations or sample units) that are to be investigated, Tables, graphs, numerical summary tools, and the identification of patterns in the data. Also there are Inferential statistics that utilizes sample data to make estimates, decisions, predictions, or other generalizations about a larger set of data. There are 5 elements of inferential statistical problems: The population of interest, one or more variables (characteristics of the population units) that are to be investigated, the sample of population units, the inference about the population based on information contained in the sample, and a measure of reliability for the inference. When it comes to the role of statistics in business decision making it is applied in many ways in terms of consumer preferences or even financial trends. For example, managers across any type of business unit formulate problems, they decide on a question relating to the problem and then form a statistical formulation of the question is used to determine answers to all of the above. An example of a business question may be how many calls are answered on average in a call center and how can we increase the numbers of calls answered per hour. Another example may be how we can increase the number of accounts.

Film Review of Richard Loncraines Adaptation of William...

Film Review of Richard Loncraines Adaptation of William Shakespeares Richard III Civil war divides the nation the first caption we see at the onset of this adaptation of Shakespeares Richard III sets the tone for scenes to come later in the movie. It starts by focusing on Shakespeares underlying tone regarding Richard as somewhat an outlandish character to be mocked and amused by. Enter Richard to stab Edward in his war room at Tewkesbury in his tank. He then fills Edward full of holes with a gun rather than a sword to start the play on words that Richard is known for throughout the play. Set in the midst of a Nazi-like Britain during the 1930s, it provides more art deco and imagery than is actually in the text. It†¦show more content†¦We do not meet Lord Hastings here as he is released from the Tower. The next startling visual encountered is by Lady Anne as she walks the halls of a blood-riddled hospital in search of her dead husbands body. Richard finds here in the morgue where she speaks of the holes (gunshots, not sword) that killed here husband. The wooing of Lady Anne is completed amongst the corpses, but not without Richard offe ring her equipment used for an autopsy to stab him in the neck to pay for his murderous deed. Than for the austerity of the ludicrous nature of this film, Richard pulls his wedding band out of his mouth. This also varied tremendously from the text as we do not encounter the funeral procession King Henry VI, but are shown his son instead who has been deceased for sometime. The following scene after Richard asks Lady Anne to bid her farewell and he agrees to deliver the Kings body are, cut completely from the script. The next few scenes are highlighted by the burning of the pardon for Clarence at the hands of Richard, but not before we see Queen Elizabeth breakfasting with young York and her brother in full Indian headdress and Tyrell feeding a boar at the stable. These scenes are not a part of the original text and have been added as a means of introduction to various intricate characters. Here Richard meets Tyrell and discusses the execution of a friend. This scene is out of or der and